film - Filmmaking
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Photograph by Ken Lundon Flickr.
Hollywood distributors film adopt a hard-headed business approach and consider factors such as the film genre, the target audience, the historical success of similar films, the actors who might appear in the film, and potential directors. Since the development of non-linear editing systems film War film such as Avid, Quantel or Final Cut Pro, the film workflow is used by very few productions. In the video workflow, the original camera negative is developed and telecined to video for editing with computer editing software.
Actors usually have their own separate call times. Trimming, the process of shortening scenes by a few seconds, or even frames, is done during this phase.
The voice recordings are synchronised and the final sound mix is created by the re-recording mixer. The purpose of the rough cut is to select and order the best shots.
Typically, it involves a large number of people, and takes from a few months to several years to complete. Many Hollywood blockbusters employ a cast and crew of hundreds, while a low-budget, independent film may be made by a skeleton crew of eight or nine (or fewer).
The AD follows with roll camera , answered by speed! by the camera operator once the camera is recording. The director usually works with the editor to ensure the envisioned shots are selected.
Finally, the action is shot in as many takes as the director wishes. The clapper, who is already in front of the camera with the clapperboard, calls marker! and slaps it shut.
When the entire film is in the can, or in the completion of the production phase, it is customary for the production office to arrange a wrap party, to thank all the cast and crew for their efforts. Here the film is assembled by the film editor. Next, the editor creates a negative cut list (using edge code) or an edit decision list (using timecode) either manually or automatically.
The modern use of video in the filmmaking process has resulted in two workflow variants: one using entirely film, and the other using a mixture of film and video. In the film workflow, the original camera film is developed and copied to a one-light workprint (positive) for editing with a mechanical editing machine. After identifying a theme or underlying message, the producer works with writers to prepare a synopsis.
An edge code is recorded onto film to locate the position of picture frames. Filmmaking (often referred to in academic contexts as film production) is the process of making a film, from an initial story idea or commission, through scriptwriting, shooting, editing, directing and distribution to an audience.
The parties involved negotiate a deal and sign contracts. Most films have a website.
The sound mix combines dialogue, sound effects, background sounds, ADR, walla, foleys and music. The sound track and picture are combined together, resulting in a low quality answer print of the film. The distribution rights for the film and DVD are also usually sold for worldwide distribution.
Since set construction, dressing and lighting can take many hours or even days, they are often set up in advance. The grip, electric and production design crews are typically a step ahead of the camera and sound departments: for efficiency s sake, while a scene is being filmed, they are already preparing the next one. While the crew prepare their equipment, the actors are wardrobed in their costumes and attend the hair and make-up departments. Later on, the director, producer, other department heads, and, sometimes, the cast, may gather to watch that day or yesterday s footage, called dailies, and review their work. With workdays often lasting 14 or 18 hours in remote locations, film production tends to create a team spirit.
There are now two possible workflows to create the high quality release print depending on the recording medium: Finally the film is previewed, normally by the target audience, and any feedback may result in further shooting or edits to the film. There are two ways that film can be put together. The distributor and the production company share profits. Filmmaking also takes place outside of the mainstream and is commonly called independent filmmaking.
Filmmakers can conceivably shoot and edit a film, create and edit the sound and music, and mix the final cut on a home computer. Production sound is also synced up to the video picture frames during this process. The first job of the film editor is to build a rough cut taken from sequences (or scenes) based on individual takes (shots).
The script supervisor will note any continuity issues and the sound and camera teams log technical notes for the take on their respective report sheets. The next step is to create a fine cut by getting all the shots to flow smoothly in a seamless story.
A film distributor may be contacted at an early stage to assess the likely market and potential financial success of the film. All these factors imply a certain appeal of the film to a possible audience and hence the number of bums on seats during the theatrical release.
This includes the report sheets from continuity, sound, and camera teams. Scenes can be moved around or even removed.
The screenwriter may rewrite it several times to improve dramatization, clarity, structure, characters, dialogue, and overall style. Most American productions follow a specific procedure: The assistant director calls picture is up! to inform everyone that a take is about to be recorded, and then quiet, everyone! Once everyone is ready to shoot, he calls roll sound (if the take involves sound), and the production sound mixer will start their equipment, record a verbal slate of the take s information, and announce sound speed when they are ready.
If the take involves extras or background action, the AD will cue them ( action background! ), and last is the director, telling the actors action! . A take is over when the director calls cut! , and camera and sound stop recording. If the pitch is successful, the film receives a green light , meaning someone offers financial backing: typically a major film studio, film council, or independent investor.
These are just the most common roles in filmmaking; the production office will be free to create any unique blend of roles to suit a particular film. A typical day s shooting begins with the crew arriving on the set/location by their call time. However, the Internet has allowed for relatively inexpensive distribution of independent films; many filmmakers post their films online for critique and recognition.
Although there is little profitability in this, a filmmaker can still gain exposure via the web. Film treatment · Scriptment · Screenplay · Breaking down the script · Script breakdown sheet · Step outline · Storyboard · Production strip · Production board · Day Out of Days · One liner schedule · Shooting schedule · Film budgeting · Film finance Daily call sheet · Daily editor log · Daily progress report · Film inventory report · Sound report · Daily production report · Cost report Editorial · Cinematography (special effect) · Discography (soundtrack) · Videography Distribution Burkina Faso · Egypt · Kenya · Morocco · Niger · Nigeria · Senegal · Somalia · South Africa · Tunisia Argentina · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Cuba · Mexico · Paraguay · Peru · Puerto Rico · Uruguay Canada (Quebec) · United States China · Hong Kong · Japan · Korea · Mongolia · Taiwan Afghanistan · Bangladesh (Bengal) · India (Andhra Pradesh · Assam · Bollywood · Karnataka · Kerala · Marathi · Orissa · Punjab · Tamil Nadu · West Bengal) · Nepal · Pakistan (Karachi · Lahore · Peshawar) · Sri Lanka (Jallywood) Burma · Cambodia · Indonesia · Malaysia · Philippines · Singapore · Thailand · Vietnam Armenia · Azerbaijan · Cyprus · Georgia · Iran · Iraq · Israel · Jordan · Lebanon · Palestine · Saudi Arabia · Syria · Tajikistan · Turkey · U.A.E. Albania · Austria · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Faroe Islands · Finland · France · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Latvia · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Moldova · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia (Russian Empire · Soviet Union) · Serbia · Slovakia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Ukraine · United Kingdom (Scotland · Wales) · Yugoslavia Australia · Fiji · New Zealand . The film plays at selected cinemas and the DVD typically is released a few months later.
However, producers often skip the previous steps and develop submitted screenplays which investors, studios, and other interested parties assess through a process called script coverage. Since the introduction of DV technology, the means of production have become more democratized.
The nature of the film, and the budget, determine the size and type of crew used during filmmaking. Not all films make a profit from the theatrical release alone, so film companies take DVD sales and worldwide distribution rights into account. The producer and screenwriter prepare a film pitch, or treatment, and present it to potential financiers.
All of the parts of the film are already in order and need not be moved or any such thing. Conversely, non-linear editing is not subject to using the film in the order it is taped. Once satisfied, the crew moves on to the next camera angle or setup, until the whole scene is covered. When shooting is finished for the scene, the assistant director declares a wrap or moving on, and the crew will strike, or dismantle, the set for that scene. At the end of the day,the director approves the next day s shooting schedule and a daily progress report is sent to the production office.
Call sheets are distributed to the cast and crew to tell them when and where to turn up the next shooting day. The production is storyboarded and visualized with the help of illustrators and concept artists.
Filmmaking takes place all over the world in a huge range of economic, social, and political contexts, and using a variety of technologies and techniques. Film production occurs in five stages: In this stage, the project s producer finds a story, which may come from a book, play, another film, a true story, original idea, etc. The actors rehearse the script and blocking with the director, and the camera and sound crews rehearse with them and make final tweaks.
One way is linear editing and the other is non-linear editing. Linear editing uses the film as it is in a continuous film. A better way to see it is that non-linear editing is like a hodgepodge of video. This is the final stage, where the film is released to cinemas or, occasionally, to DVD, VCD, VHS (though VHS tapes are less common now that more people own DVD players), Blu-Ray, or direct download from a provider.
This usually has little dialog and stage direction, but often contains drawings that help visualize key points. Next, a screenwriter writes a screenplay over a period of several months. If the director decides additional takes are required, the whole process repeats.
More crew will be recruited at this stage, such as the property master, script supervisor, assistant directors, stills photographer, picture editor, and sound editors. Press kits, posters, and other advertising materials are published and the film is advertised. Film companies usually release a film with a launch party, press releases, interviews with the press, press preview screenings, and film festival screenings.
The film is duplicated as required for distribution to cinemas. Most independent filmmakers rely on film festivals to get their films noticed and sold for distribution.
Next they produce a step outline, which breaks the story down into one-paragraph scenes that concentrate on dramatic structure. Next, they prepare a treatment, a 25 to 30 page description of the story, its mood, and characters.
These edit lists identify the source and the picture frame of each shot in the fine cut. Once the picture is locked, the film is passed into the hands of the postproduction supervising sound editor of the sound department to build up the sound track. A production budget is drawn up to plan expenditures for the film. The producer hires a crew.
These are typical crew positions: In production, the film is created and shot. Once all parties have met and the deal has been set, the film may proceed into the pre-production period.
By this stage, the film should have a clearly defined marketing strategy and target audience. In pre-production, the film is designed and planned. However, while the means of production may be democratized, financing, distribution, and marketing remain difficult to accomplish outside the traditional system.
A timecode is recorded onto video tape to locate the position of picture frames.
